Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement Romanticism or Romantic Era is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the. Best known for his tales of mystery Mystery fiction is a loosely-defined term that is often used as a synonym for detective fiction or crime fiction— in other crying words a novel or short story in which a detective investigates and solves a crime. The term "mystery fiction" may sometimes be your limited to hard the subset of detective stories in which the emphasis is on and the macabre Macabre is a quality of certain artistic or literary works, characterized by a grim or ghastly atmosphere. In these works, there is an emphasis on the details and symbols of death. Macabre themes are often preoccupations in the Goth subculture, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective-fiction The earliest known example of a detective story was The Three Apples, one of the tales narrated by Scheherazade in the One Thousand and One Nights . In this tale, a fisherman discovers a heavy locked chest along the Tigris river and he sells it to the Abbasid Caliph, Harun al-Rashid, who then has the chest broken open only to find inside it the genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction.[1] He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.[2]

He was born as Edgar Poe in Boston Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009, Massachusetts Massachusetts has been significant throughout American history. Plymouth was the second permanent English settlement in North America. Many of Massachusetts's towns were founded by colonists from England in the 1620s and 1630s. The Merrimack Valley has been, since 1650, a center of creativity through the poetic word. America's first published poet; he was orphaned young when his mother died shortly after his father abandoned the family. Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan, of Richmond Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. Like all Virginia municipalities incorporated as cities, it is an independent city and not part of any county. Richmond is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Greater Richmond area. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the, Virginia The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Land from displaced Native American tribes and slave labor each played significant roles in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was, but they never formally adopted him. He attended the University of Virginia The University of Virginia is a public research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson. Conceived by 1800 and established in 1819, it is the only university in the United States to be designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, an honor it shares with nearby Monticello. The University of Virginia is one of the for one semester but left due to lack of money. After enlisting in the Army and later failing as an officer's cadet at West Point The United States Military Academy at West Point is a four-year coeducational federal service academy located at West Point, New York. Established in 1802, USMA is the oldest of the United States's five service academies. The military garrison at West Point was occupied in 1778 and played a key role in the Revolutionary War. The academy sits on, Poe parted ways with the Allans. His publishing career began humbly, with an anonymous collection of poems, Tamerlane and Other Poems Tamerlane and Other Poems is the first published work by American writer Edgar Allan Poe. The short collection of poems was first published in 1827. Today, it is believed only 12 copies of the collection still exist (1827), credited only to "a Bostonian".

Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move between several cities, including Baltimore Baltimore , the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the U.S. state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore City in order to distinguish it from surrounding, Philadelphia Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and the sixth-most-populous city in the United States, and New York City. In Baltimore in 1835, he married Virginia Clemm Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe was the wife of American writer Edgar Allan Poe. The couple were first cousins and married when Virginia Clemm was 13 and Poe was 27. Some biographers have suggested that the couple's relationship was more like that between brother and sister than like husband and wife in that they might have never consummated their, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845 Poe published his poem "The Raven "The Raven" is a narrative poem by the American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845. It is often noted for its musicality, stylized language, and supernatural atmosphere. It tells of a talking raven's mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow descent into madness. The lover, often identified as" to instant success. His wife died of tuberculosis Tuberculosis or TB is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. Most infections in two years later. He began planning to produce his own journal, The Penn (later renamed The Stylus The Stylus, originally intended to be named The Penn, was a would-be periodical owned and edited by Edgar Allan Poe. It had been a long dream of Poe to establish an American journal with very high standards in order to elevate the literature of the time. Despite attempts at signing up –subscribers and finding financial backers and contributors,), though he died before it could be produced. On October 7, 1849, at age 40, Poe died in Baltimore; the cause of his death is unknown and has been variously attributed to alcohol, brain congestion, cholera Cholera is a severe bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae, which primarily affects the small intestine. The main symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission is primarily by the acquisition of the pathogen through contaminated drinking water or infected food. The severity of the diarrhea and associated, drugs, heart disease, rabies Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in warm-blooded animals. It is zoonotic (i.e., transmitted by animals), most commonly by a bite from an infected animal but occasionally by other forms of contact. Rabies is almost invariably fatal if post-exposure prophylaxis is not administered prior to the, suicide, tuberculosis, and other agents.[3]

Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields, such as cosmology Cosmology , in strict usage, refers to the study of the Universe in its totality as it now is (or at least as it can be observed now), and by extension, humanity's place in it. Though the word cosmology is recent (first used in 1730 in Christian Wolff's Cosmologia Generalis), study of the universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, and cryptography Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today.

Contents

Life and career

Early life

This plaque marks the approximate location where Edgar Poe was born in Boston Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009, Massachusetts Massachusetts has been significant throughout American history. Plymouth was the second permanent English settlement in North America. Many of Massachusetts's towns were founded by colonists from England in the 1620s and 1630s. The Merrimack Valley has been, since 1650, a center of creativity through the poetic word. America's first published poet.

He was born Edgar Poe in Boston Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009, Massachusetts Massachusetts has been significant throughout American history. Plymouth was the second permanent English settlement in North America. Many of Massachusetts's towns were founded by colonists from England in the 1620s and 1630s. The Merrimack Valley has been, since 1650, a center of creativity through the poetic word. America's first published poet, on January 19, 1809, the second child of actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe and actor David Poe, Jr. He had an elder brother, William Henry Leonard Poe, and a younger sister, Rosalie Poe.[4] Edgar may have been named after a character in William Shakespeare's William Shakespeare [a] was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".[b] His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of 38 plays,[c] 154 sonnets, two long narrative King Lear King Lear is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1603 and 1606. It is considered one of his greatest works. King Lear descends into madness after wrongly distributing his estate on the strength of flattery. The play is based on the legend of Leir of Britain, a mythological pre-Roman Celtic king. It has been, a play the couple was performing in 1809.[5] His father abandoned their family in 1810,[6] and his mother died a year later from consumption Tuberculosis or TB is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. Most infections in. Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful Scottish merchant in Richmond, Virginia Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. Like all Virginia municipalities incorporated as cities, it is an independent city and not part of any county. Richmond is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Greater Richmond area. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the, who dealt in a variety of goods including tobacco, cloth, wheat, tombstones, and slaves Slavery is a system in which people are the property of others. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand wages. In some societies it was legal for an owner to kill a slave; in others it was a crime to kill a slave.[7] The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",[8] though they never formally adopted him.[9]

The Allan family had Poe baptized in the Episcopal Church The Episcopal Church is the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States, Honduras, Taiwan, Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, the British Virgin Islands and parts of Europe. In keeping with Anglican tradition and theology, the Episcopal Church considers itself "Protestant, yet Catholic" in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.[8] The family, including Poe and Allan's wife, Frances Valentine Allan, sailed to Britain in 1815. Poe attended the grammar school in Irvine, Scotland (where John Allan was born) for a short period in 1815, before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding school in Chelsea Chelsea is an area of south-west London, England, bounded to the south by the River Thames, where its frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along the Chelsea Embankment, Cheyne Walk, Lots Road and Chelsea Harbour. Its eastern boundary was once defined by the River Westbourne, which is now in a pipe above Sloane Square tube station. The modern eastern until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend John Bransby’s Manor House School at Stoke Newington Stoke Newington is a district in the London Borough of Hackney. It is 5 miles north-east of Charing Cross, then a suburb four miles (6 km) north of London.[10]

Poe moved back with the Allans to Richmond, Virginia in 1820. In 1824 Poe served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as Richmond celebrated the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette.[11] In March 1825, John Allan's uncle[12] and business benefactor William Galt, said to be one of the wealthiest men in Richmond, died and left Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000. By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick home named Moldavia.[13] Poe may have become engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he registered at the one-year-old University of Virginia The University of Virginia is a public research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson. Conceived by 1800 and established in 1819, it is the only university in the United States to be designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, an honor it shares with nearby Monticello. The University of Virginia is one of the in February 1826 to study languages.[14] The university, in its infancy, was established on the ideals of its founder, Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Jefferson was one of the most influential Founding Fathers, known for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States. Jefferson envisioned America as the force behind a great ". It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco and alcohol, but these rules were generally ignored. Jefferson had enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty. The unique system was still in chaos, and there was a high dropout rate.[15] During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. Poe claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, and procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.[16] Poe gave up on the university after a year, and, not feeling welcome in Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married Alexander Shelton, he traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper writer.[17] At some point he started using the pseudonym Pseudonyms are often used to hide an individual's real identity, as with writers' pen names, graffiti artists' tags, resistance fighters' or terrorists' noms de guerre, and computer hackers' handles. Actors, musicians, and other performers sometimes use stage names, for example, to mask their ethnic backgrounds. Stage names are also used as Henri Le Rennet.[18]

Military career

Poe was first stationed at Boston's Fort Independence Fort Independence is a granite star fort that provided harbor defenses for Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Today it is preserved as a state park and fires occasional ceremonial salutes. It is located on Castle Island. Known as Castle William in colonial times, it was renamed Fort Adams and then Fort Independence while in the army.

Unable to support himself, on May 27, 1827, Poe enlisted in the United States Army The United States Army is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military, and is one of seven uniformed services. The modern Army has its roots in the Continental Army which was formed on 14 June 1775, before the establishment of the as a private. Using the name "Edgar A. Perry", he claimed he was 22 years old even though he was 18.[19] He first served at Fort Independence Fort Independence is a granite star fort that provided harbor defenses for Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Today it is preserved as a state park and fires occasional ceremonial salutes. It is located on Castle Island. Known as Castle William in colonial times, it was renamed Fort Adams and then Fort Independence in Boston Harbor Boston Harbor is a natural harbor and estuary of Massachusetts Bay, and is located adjacent to the city of Boston, Massachusetts. It is home to the Port of Boston, a major shipping facility in the northeast for five dollars a month.[17] That same year, he released his first book, a 40-page collection of poetry, Tamerlane and Other Poems Tamerlane and Other Poems is the first published work by American writer Edgar Allan Poe. The short collection of poems was first published in 1827. Today, it is believed only 12 copies of the collection still exist, attributed with the byline "by a Bostonian". Only 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually no attention.[20] Poe's regiment was posted to Fort Moultrie Fort Moultrie is the name of a series of citadels on Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, built to protect the city of Charleston, South Carolina. The first fort, built of palmetto logs, inspired the flag and nickname of South Carolina in Charleston, South Carolina Charleston is a city in Charleston County, South Carolina in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It is the largest city and the county seat of Charleston County. The City is also the oldest city in South Carolina. The city's original name was Charles Towne in 1670, and it moved to its present location from a location on the west bank of the Ashley and traveled by ship on the brig Waltham on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman who prepared shells for artillery Originally applied to any group of infantry primarily armed with mechanical projectile weapons,artillery has over time become limited in meaning to refer only to those engines of war that operate by projection of munitions far beyond the range of effect of personal weapons. These engines comprise specialised devices which use some form of stored, and had his monthly pay doubled.[21] After serving for two years and attaining the rank of Sergeant Major for Artillery (the highest rank a noncommissioned officer can achieve), Poe sought to end his five-year enlistment early. He revealed his real name and his circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard. Howard would only allow Poe to be discharged Discharge or separation should not be confused with retirement; career U.S. military members who retire are not separated or discharged; rather, they enter the retired reserve and may be subject to recall to active duty if he reconciled with John Allan and wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic. Several months passed and pleas to Allan were ignored; Allan may not have written to Poe even to make him aware of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829, and Poe visited the day after her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, John Allan agreed to support Poe's attempt to be discharged in order to receive an appointment to the United States Military Academy The United States Military Academy at West Point is a four-year coeducational federal service academy located at West Point, New York. Established in 1802, USMA is the oldest of the United States's five service academies. The military garrison at West Point was occupied in 1778 and played a key role in the Revolutionary War. The academy sits on at West Point.[22]

Poe finally was discharged on April 15, 1829, after securing a replacement to finish his enlisted term for him.[23] Before entering West Point, Poe moved back to Baltimore for a time, to stay with his widowed aunt Maria Clemm, her daughter, Virginia Eliza Clemm Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe was the wife of American writer Edgar Allan Poe. The couple were first cousins and married when Virginia Clemm was 13 and Poe was 27. Some biographers have suggested that the couple's relationship was more like that between brother and sister than like husband and wife in that they might have never consummated their (Poe's first cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe.[24] Meanwhile, Poe published his second book, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems, in Baltimore in 1829.[25]

Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, 1830.[26] In October 1830, John Allan married his second wife, Louisa Patterson.[27] The marriage, and bitter quarrels with Poe over the children born to Allan out of affairs, led to the foster father finally disowning Poe.[28] Poe decided to leave West Point by purposely getting court-martialed A court-martial is a military court. These military courts can determine punishments for members of the military subject to military law who are found guilty of a crime or may dismiss the charges based on the evidence and the case presented. Most militaries maintain a court-martial system to try cases in which a breach of military discipline may. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, or church. Poe tactically pled not guilty to induce dismissal, knowing he would be found guilty.[29]

He left for New York in February 1831, and released a third volume of poems, simply titled Poems. The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point, many of whom donated 75 cents to the cause, raising a total of $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones Poe had been writing about commanding officers.[30] Printed by Elam Bliss of New York, it was labeled as "Second Edition" and included a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated." The book once again reprinted the long poems "Tamerlane" and "Al Aaraaf" but also six previously unpublished poems including early versions of "To Helen", "Israfel This article lists all known poems by American author and critic Edgar Allan Poe , regardless of importance. They are listed alphabetically with the date of their authorship in parentheses", and "The City in the Sea".[31] He returned to Baltimore, to his aunt, brother and cousin, in March 1831. His elder brother Henry, who had been in ill health in part due to problems with alcoholism, died on August 1, 1831.[32]

Publishing career

After his brother's death, Poe began more earnest attempts to start his career as a writer. He chose a difficult time in American publishing to do so.[33] He was the first well-known American to try to live by writing alone[2][34] and was hampered by the lack of an international copyright Copyright is the set of exclusive rights granted to the author or creator of an original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work. These rights can be licensed, transferred and/or assigned. Copyright lasts for a certain time period after which the work is said to enter the public domain. Copyright applies to a wide range of law.[35] Publishers often pirated copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans.[34] The industry was also particularly hurt by the Panic of 1837.[36] Despite a booming growth in American periodicals around this time period, fueled in part by new technology, many did not last beyond a few issues[37] and publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised.[38] Poe, throughout his attempts to live as a writer, had to repeatedly resort to humiliating pleas for money and other assistance.[39]

Poe married his 13-year old cousin, Virginia Clemm. Her early death may have inspired some of his writing.

After his early attempts at poetry, Poe had turned his attention to prose. He placed a few stories with a Philadelphia publication and began work on his only drama, Politian. The Baltimore Saturday Visiter awarded Poe a prize in October 1833 for his short story "MS. Found in a Bottle".[40] The story brought him to the attention of John P. Kennedy, a Baltimorian of considerable means. He helped Poe place some of his stories, and introduced him to Thomas W. White, editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond. Poe became assistant editor of the periodical in August 1835,[41] but was discharged within a few weeks for being caught drunk by his boss.[42] Returning to Baltimore, Poe secretly married Virginia, his cousin, on September 22, 1835. He was 26 and she was 13, though she is listed on the marriage certificate as being 21.[43] Reinstated by White after promising good behavior, Poe went back to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at the Messenger until January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.[4] He published several poems, book reviews, critiques, and stories in the paper. On May 16, 1836, he had a second wedding ceremony in Richmond with Virginia Clemm, this time in public.[44]

The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was published and widely reviewed in 1838.[45] In the summer of 1839, Poe became assistant editor of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing his reputation as a trenchant critic that he had established at the Southern Literary Messenger. Also in 1839, the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in two volumes, though he made little money off of it and it received mixed reviews.[46] Poe left Burton's after about a year and found a position as assistant at Graham's Magazine.[47]

In June 1840, Poe published a prospectus announcing his intentions to start his own journal, The Stylus.[48] Originally, Poe intended to call the journal The Penn, as it would have been based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the June 6, 1840 issue of Philadelphia's Saturday Evening Post, Poe bought advertising space for his prospectus: "Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe."[49] The journal was never produced before Poe's death. Around this time, he attempted to secure a position with the Tyler administration, claiming he was a member of the Whig Party.[50] He hoped to be appointed to the Custom House in Philadelphia with help from President Tyler's son Robert,[51] an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas.[52] Poe failed to show up for a meeting with Thomas to discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to be sick, though Thomas believed he was drunk.[53] Though he was promised an appointment, all positions were filled by others.[54]

Poe spent the last few years of his life in a small cottage in the Bronx, New York.

One evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, now known as tuberculosis, while singing and playing the piano. Poe described it as breaking a blood vessel in her throat.[55] She only partially recovered. Poe began to drink more heavily under the stress of Virginia's illness. He left Graham's and attempted to find a new position, for a time angling for a government post. He returned to New York, where he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror before becoming editor of the Broadway Journal and, later, sole owner.[56] There he alienated himself from other writers by publicly accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism, though Longfellow never responded.[57] On January 29, 1845, his poem "The Raven" appeared in the Evening Mirror and became a popular sensation. Though it made Poe a household name almost instantly,[58] he was paid only $9 for its publication.[59]

The Broadway Journal failed in 1846.[56] Poe moved to a cottage in the Fordham section of The Bronx, New York. That home, known today as the "Poe Cottage", is on the southeast corner of the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road. Virginia died there on January 30, 1847.[60] Biographers and critics often suggest Poe's frequent theme of the "death of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his wife.[61]

Increasingly unstable after his wife's death, Poe attempted to court the poet Sarah Helen Whitman, who lived in Providence, Rhode Island. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. However, there is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail their relationship.[62] Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his childhood sweetheart, Sarah Elmira Royster.[63]

Death

Edgar Allan Poe is buried in Baltimore, Maryland. The circumstances and cause of his death remain uncertain. Main article: Death of Edgar Allan Poe

On October 3, 1849, Poe was found on the streets of Baltimore delirious, "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", according to the man who found him, Joseph W. Walker.[64] He was taken to the Washington College Hospital, where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning.[65] Poe was never coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition, and, oddly, was wearing clothes that were not his own. Poe is said to have repeatedly called out the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. Some sources say Poe's final words were "Lord help my poor soul."[65] All medical records, including his death certificate, have been lost.[66] Newspapers at the time reported Poe's death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for deaths from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.[67] The actual cause of death remains a mystery;[68] from as early as 1872, cooping was commonly believed to have been the cause,[69] and speculation has included delirium tremens, heart disease, epilepsy, syphilis, meningeal inflammation,[3] cholera[70] and rabies.[71]

Griswold's "Memoir"

The day Edgar Allan Poe was buried, a long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune signed "Ludwig". It was soon published throughout the country. The piece began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it."[72] "Ludwig" was soon identified as Rufus Wilmot Griswold, an editor, critic and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe's literary executor and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.[73]

Rufus Griswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called "Memoir of the Author", which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works. Griswold depicted Poe as a depraved, drunk, drug-addled madman and included Poe's letters as evidence.[73] Many of his claims were either lies or distorted half-truths. For example, it is now known that Poe was not a drug addict.[74] Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well,[75] but it became a popularly accepted one. This occurred in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted and in part because readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by an "evil" man.[76] Letters that Griswold presented as proof of this depiction of Poe were later revealed as forgeries.[77]

Literary style and themes

1860s portrait by Oscar Halling after an 1849 daguerreotype

Genres

Poe's best known fiction works are Gothic,[78] a genre he followed to appease the public taste.[79] His most recurring themes deal with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning.[80] Many of his works are generally considered part of the dark romanticism genre, a literary reaction to transcendentalism,[81] which Poe strongly disliked.[82] He referred to followers of the movement as "Frogpondians" after the pond on Boston Common.[83] and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor-run", lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake."[84] Poe once wrote in a letter to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did not dislike Transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and sophists among them."[85]

Beyond horror, Poe also wrote satires, humor tales, and hoaxes. For comic effect, he used irony and ludicrous extravagance, often in an attempt to liberate the reader from cultural conformity.[79] In fact, "Metzengerstein", the first story that Poe is known to have published,[86] and his first foray into horror, was originally intended as a burlesque satirizing the popular genre.[87] Poe also reinvented science fiction, responding in his writing to emerging technologies such as hot air balloons in "The Balloon-Hoax".[88]

Poe wrote much of his work using themes specifically catered for mass market tastes.[89] To that end, his fiction often included elements of popular pseudosciences such as phrenology[90] and physiognomy.[91]

Literary theory

Poe's writing reflects his literary theories, which he presented in his criticism and also in essays such as "The Poetic Principle".[92] He disliked didacticism[93] and allegory,[94] though he believed that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent just beneath the surface. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to be art.[95] He believed that quality work should be brief and focus on a specific single effect.[92] To that end, he believed that the writer should carefully calculate every sentiment and idea.[96] In "The Philosophy of Composition", an essay in which Poe describes his method in writing "The Raven", he claims to have strictly followed this method. It has been questioned, however, if he really followed this system. T. S. Eliot said: "It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method."[97] Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization".[98]

Legacy

Illustration by French impressionist Édouard Manet for the Stéphane Mallarmé translation of "The Raven", 1875. Digitally restored.

Literary influence

During his lifetime, Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic. Fellow critic James Russell Lowell called him "the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America", though he questioned if he occasionally used prussic acid instead of ink.[99] Poe was also known as a writer of fiction and became one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States.[100] Poe is particularly respected in France, in part due to early translations by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work throughout Europe.[101]

Poe's early detective fiction tales starring the fictitious C. Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"[102] The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "Edgars".[103] Poe's work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, also known as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields.[104] Science fiction author H. G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago."[105]

Like many famous artists, Poe's works have spawned innumerable imitators.[106] One interesting trend among imitators of Poe, however, has been claims by clairvoyants or psychics to be "channeling" poems from Poe's spirit. One of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten, who in 1863 published Poems from the Inner Life, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe's spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such as "The Bells", but which reflected a new, positive outlook.[107]

Edgar Allan Poe photographed circa 1849.

Even so, Poe has received not only praise, but also criticism as well. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.[100] William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar".[108] Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it"[109] and derisively referred to Poe as "the jingle man".[110] Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.[111]

It is believed that only 12 copies of Poe's first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems, have survived. In December 2009, one copy sold at Christie's, New York for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature.[112]

Physics and cosmology

Eureka: A Prose Poem, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged the Big Bang theory by 80 years,[113][114] as well as the first plausible solution to Olbers' paradox.[115] [116] Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from pure intuition.[117] For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science,[117] but insisted that it was still true[118] and considered it to be his career masterpiece.[119] Even so, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions opposed Newtonian principles regarding the density and rotation of planets.[120]

Cryptography

Poe had a keen interest in cryptography. He had placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions of ciphers, which he proceeded to solve.[121] In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in Graham's Magazine. Realizing the public interest in the topic, he wrote "The Gold-Bug" incorporating ciphers as part of the story.[122] Poe's success in cryptography relied not so much on his knowledge of that field (his method was limited to the simple substitution cryptogram), as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage.[121] The sensation Poe created with his cryptography stunt played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.[123]

Poe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest in his lifetime. William Friedman, America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe.[124] Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child—interest he later put to use in deciphering Japan's PURPLE code during World War II.[125]

Poe in popular culture

Poe as a character

Main articles: Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture and Edgar Allan Poe in television and film

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often representing the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and exploiting his personal struggles.[126] Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting Poe and his characters share identities.[127] Often, fictional depictions of Poe use his mystery-solving skills in such novels as The Poe Shadow by Matthew Pearl.[128]

Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums

The Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site in Philadelphia is one of several preserved former residences of Poe

No childhood home of Poe is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. The oldest standing home in Richmond, the Old Stone House, is in use as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items Poe used during his time with the Allan family and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. The dorm room Poe is believed to have used while studying at the University of Virginia in 1826 is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is now overseen by a group of students and staff known as the Raven Society.[129]

The earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is in Baltimore, preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia (as well as his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe).[130] It is open to the public and is also the home of the Edgar Allan Poe Society. Of the several homes that Poe, his wife Virginia, and his mother-in-law Maria rented in Philadelphia, only the last house has survived. The Spring Garden home, where the author lived in 1843–1844, is today preserved by the National Park Service as the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site.[131] Poe's final home is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage in the Bronx, New York.[60]

Other Poe landmarks include a building in the Upper West Side, where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "The Raven" here. In Boston, a plaque hangs near the building where Poe was born once stood. Believed to have been located at 62 Carver Street (now Charles Street), the plaque is possibly in an incorrect location.[132][133] The bar in which legend says Poe was last seen drinking before his death still stands in Fells Point in Baltimore, Maryland. Now known as The Horse You Came In On, local lore insists that a ghost they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.[134]

Poe Toaster

Main article: Poe Toaster

Adding to the mystery surrounding Poe's death, an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster" paid homage to Poe's grave annually beginning in 1949. As the tradition carried on for more than 60 years, it is likely that the "Poe Toaster" was actually several individuals, though the tribute was always the same. Every January 19, in the early hours of the morning, the person made a toast of cognac to Poe's original grave marker and left three roses. Members of the Edgar Allan Poe Society in Baltimore helped protect this tradition for decades. On August 15, 2007, Sam Porpora, a former historian at the Westminster Church in Baltimore where Poe is buried, claimed that he had started the tradition in the 1960s. Porpora said the claim that the tradition began in 1949 was a hoax in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed,[135] and some details he gave to the press have been pointed out as factually inaccurate.[136] For the first year since 1949, the Poe Toaster did not appear on January 19, 2010,[137] leading to local speculation that the Toaster himself may have passed on.

Selected list of works

Main article: Edgar Allan Poe bibliography

Tales

Poetry

Other works

See also

Biography portal
Edgar Allan Poe portal

Notes

  1. ^ Stableford, Brian. "Science fiction before the genre." The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction, Eds. Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. pp. 18–19.
  2. ^ a b Meyers, 138
  3. ^ a b Meyers, 256
  4. ^ a b Allen, Hervey. "Introduction". The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1927.
  5. ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 65. ISBN 086576008X
  6. ^ Canada, Mark, ed. "Edgar Allan Poe Chronology". Canada's America. 1997. Retrieved on June 3, 2007.
  7. ^ Meyers, 8
  8. ^ a b Meyers, 9
  9. ^ Quinn, 61
  10. ^ Silverman, 16–18
  11. ^ "News and Events". PoeMuseum.org. http://www.poemuseum.org/news_and_events/archive_2006.html. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
  12. ^ Meyers, 20
  13. ^ Silverman, 27–28
  14. ^ Silverman, 29–30
  15. ^ Meyers, 21–22
  16. ^ Silverman, 32–34
  17. ^ a b Meyers, 32
  18. ^ Silverman, 41
  19. ^ Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe", Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Ed. Harold Bloom, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. p. 13 ISBN 0791061736
  20. ^ Meyers, 33–34
  21. ^ Meyers, 35
  22. ^ Silverman, 43–47
  23. ^ Meyers, 38
  24. ^ Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe", Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Ed. Harold Bloom, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. pp. 13–14 ISBN 0791061736
  25. ^ Sova, 5
  26. ^ Krutch, 32
  27. ^ Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe", Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Ed. Harold Bloom, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. p. 14 ISBN 0791061736
  28. ^ Meyers, 54–55
  29. ^ Hecker, William J. Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems. Louisiana State University Press, 2005. pp. 49–51
  30. ^ Meyers, 50–51
  31. ^ Hecker, William J. Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems. Louisiana State University Press, 2005. pp. 53–54
  32. ^ Quinn, 187–188
  33. ^ Whalen, 64
  34. ^ a b Quinn, 305
  35. ^ Silverman, 247
  36. ^ Whalen, 74
  37. ^ Silverman, 99
  38. ^ Whalen, 82
  39. ^ Meyers, 139
  40. ^ Sova, 162
  41. ^ Sova, 225
  42. ^ Meyers, 73
  43. ^ Meyers, 85
  44. ^ Silverman, 124
  45. ^ Silverman, 137
  46. ^ Meyers, 113
  47. ^ Sova, 39, 99
  48. ^ Meyers, 119
  49. ^ Silverman, 159
  50. ^ Quinn, 321–322
  51. ^ Silverman, 186
  52. ^ Meyers, 144
  53. ^ Silverman, 187
  54. ^ Silverman, 188
  55. ^ Silverman, 179
  56. ^ a b Sova, 34
  57. ^ Quinn, 455
  58. ^ Hoffman, 80
  59. ^ Ostrom, John Ward. "Edgar A. Poe: His Income as Literary Entrepreneur", Poe Studies 5.1 (1982): 5
  60. ^ a b "Edgar Allan Poe Cottage". Bronx Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011072300/http://bronxhistoricalsociety.org/about/poecottage.html. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
  61. ^ Weekes, Karen. "Poe's feminine ideal," The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Ed. Kevin J. Hayes. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 149. ISBN 0521797276
  62. ^ Benton, Richard P. "Friends and Enemies: Women in the Life of Edgar Allan Poe", Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe. Baltimore: Edgar Allan Poe Society, 1987. p. 19 ISBN 0961644915
  63. ^ Quinn, 628
  64. ^ Quinn, 638
  65. ^ a b Meyers, 255
  66. ^ Bramsback, Birgit (1970). "The Final Illness and Death of Edgar Allan Poe: An Attempt at Reassessment", Studia Neophilologica (University of Uppsala), XLII. p. 40
  67. ^ Silverman, 435–436
  68. ^ Silverman, 435
  69. ^ Walsh, John Evangelist (2000). Midnight Dreary: The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Minotaur. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0312227329.
  70. ^ "Death Suspicion Cholera". Crimelibrary.com. http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/celebrity/edgar_allan_poe/5.html. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
  71. ^ Benitez, Dr. R. Michael, "A 39-year-old man with mental status change", Maryland Medical Journal, 45 (1996): 765–769.
  72. ^ Meyers, 259. To read Griswold's full obituary, see Edgar Allan Poe obituary at Wikisource.
  73. ^ a b Hoffman, 14
  74. ^ Quinn, 693
  75. ^ Sova, 101
  76. ^ Meyers, 263
  77. ^ Quinn, 699
  78. ^ Meyers, 64
  79. ^ a b Royot, Daniel (2002). "Poe's Humor", The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521797276. p. 57.
  80. ^ Kennedy, J. Gerald (1987). Poe, Death, and the Life of Writing. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300037732. p. 3.
  81. ^ Koster, Donald N. (2002). "Influences of Transcendentalism on American Life and Literature", Literary Movements for Students Vol. 1. David Galens, ed. Detroit: Thompson Gale. p. 336.
  82. ^ Ljunquist, Kent (2002). "The poet as critic", The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Kevin J. Hayes, ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521797276 p. 15
  83. ^ Royot, Daniel. "Poe's humor," as collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Kevin J. Hayes, ed. Cambridge University Press, 2002. pp. 61–62. ISBN 0521797276
  84. ^ Ljunquist, Kent. "The poet as critic" collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Kevin J. Hayes, ed. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 15. ISBN 0521797276
  85. ^ Silverman, 169
  86. ^ Silverman, 88
  87. ^ Fisher, Benjamin Franklin (1993). "Poe's 'Metzengerstein': Not a Hoax", On Poe: The Best from "American Literature. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 142, 149
  88. ^ Tresch, John (2002). "Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction!", The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Kevin J. Hayes, ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521797276. p. 114.
  89. ^ Whalen, 67
  90. ^ Edward Hungerford (1930). "Poe and Phrenology", American Literature Vol. 1. p. 209–31.
  91. ^ Erik Grayson (2005). "Weird Science, Weirder Unity: Phrenology and Physiognomy in Edgar Allan Poe", Mode Vol. 1 p. 56–77.
  92. ^ a b Krutch, 225
  93. ^ Kagle, Steven E. "The Corpse Within Us", Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, Ed. Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0961644923. p. 104
  94. ^ Poe, Edgar A.. "Tale-Writing — Nathaniel Hawthorne". Godey's Lady's Book, November 1847, pp. 252–256. http://www.eapoe.org/works/CRITICSM/GLB47HN1.HTM. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
  95. ^ Wilbur, Richard (1967). "The House of Poe", Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, Ed. Robert Regan. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 99
  96. ^ Jannaccone, Pasquale (translated by Peter Mitilineos) (1974). "The Aesthetics of Edgar Poe", Poe Studies Vol. 7.1. p. 3.
  97. ^ Hoffman, 76
  98. ^ Krutch, 98
  99. ^ Quinn, 432
  100. ^ a b Meyers, 258
  101. ^ Harner, Gary Wayne. "Edgar Allan Poe in France: Baudelaire's Labor of Love", Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, Ed. Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, 1990. p. 218. ISBN 0961644923
  102. ^ Poe Encyclopedia, 103
  103. ^ Neimeyer, Mark. "Poe and Popular Culture," Ed. Kevin J. Hayes. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521797276 p. 206
  104. ^ Poe Encyclopedia, 364
  105. ^ Poe Encyclopedia, 372
  106. ^ Meyers, 281
  107. ^ Carlson, Eric Walter (1996). A Companion to Poe Studies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 476. ISBN 0-313-26506-2. http://books.google.com/?id=nMHFGbxYhEMC&pg=PA476&lpg=PA476&dq=%22lizzie+doten%22+poe.
  108. ^ Meyers, 274
  109. ^ Silverman, 265
  110. ^ "Emerson's Estimate of Poe". The New York Times. May 20, 1894. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E5D91630E033A25753C2A9639C94659ED7CF. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
  111. ^ Huxley, Aldous. "Vulgarity in Literature," Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, Ed. Robert Regan, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1967. p. 32
  112. ^ "Edgar Allan Poe's first book from 1827 sells for $662,500; record price for American literature". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/money/2009/12/05/2009-12-05_rare_poe_book_scares_up_662g.html. Retrieved 24 Dec 2009.
  113. ^ Cappi, Alberto. "Edgar Allan Poe's Physical Cosmology", "Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society". 1994, vol.35, p.177-192
  114. ^ Rombeck, Terry. "Poe's little-known science book reprinted", Lawrence Journal-World & News. January 22, 2005
  115. ^ Harrison, Edward. Darkness at Night: A Riddle of the Universe. 1987, Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674192706.
  116. ^ Smoot, George and Keay Davidson. Wrinkles in Time. Harper Perennial, Reprint edition (October 1, 1994) ISBN 0-380-72044-2
  117. ^ a b Meyers, 214
  118. ^ Silverman, 399
  119. ^ Meyers, 219
  120. ^ Sova, 82
  121. ^ a b Silverman, 152
  122. ^ Rosenheim, 2, 6
  123. ^ Friedman, William F. "Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer", On Poe: The Best from "American Literature". Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993. p. 40–41
  124. ^ Rosenheim, 15
  125. ^ Rosenheim, 146
  126. ^ Neimeyer, Mark. "Poe and Popular Culture", The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521797276 p. 209
  127. ^ Gargano, James W. "The Question of Poe's Narrators," Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, Ed. Robert Regan. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967. p. 165
  128. ^ Maslin, Janet (June 6, 2006). "The Poe Shadow". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/06/features/bookwed.php. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
  129. ^ Raven Society Homepage. University of Virginia. Retrieved on December 16, 2007.
  130. ^ "The Baltimore Poe House and Museum". Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. http://www.eapoe.org/balt/poehse.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
  131. ^ Burns, Niccole (November 15, 2006). "Poe wrote most important works in Philadelphia". School of Communication — University of Miami. http://com.miami.edu/parks/philapoeauthor.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
  132. ^ Van Hoy, David C. "The Fall of the House of Edgar". The Boston Globe, February 18, 2007
  133. ^ Glenn, Joshua. The house of Poe -- mystery solved! The Boston Globe April 9, 2007
  134. ^ Lake, Matt. Weird Maryland. Sterling Publishing, New York, 2006. ISBN 1402739060 p. 195.
  135. ^ Hall, Wiley. "Poe Fan Takes Credit for Grave Legend," Associated Press, August 15, 2007.
  136. ^ Associated Press (August 15, 2007). "Man Reveals Legend of Mystery Visitor to Edgar Allan Poe's Grave". FoxNews.com. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293413,00.html. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
  137. ^ Nevermore? Mystery Visitor Misses Poe's Birthday

References

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About Poe
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Works of Edgar Allan Poe
Poems

Poetry (1824) · O, Tempora! O, Mores! (1825) · Song (1827) · Imitation (1827) · Spirits of the Dead (1827) · A Dream (1827) · Stanzas (1827) · Tamerlane (1827) · The Lake (1827) · Evening Star (1827) · A Dream (1827) · To Margaret (1827) · The Happiest Day (1827) · To The River —— (1828) · Alone (1829) · Romance (1829) · Fairy-Land (1829) · To Science (1829) · To Isaac Lea (1829) · Al Aaraaf (1829) · An Acrostic (1829) · Elizabeth (1829) · To Helen (1831) · A Pæan (1831) · The Sleeper (1831) · The City in the Sea (1831) · The Valley of Unrest (1831) · Israfel (1831) · The Coliseum (1833) · Enigma (1833) · Fanny (1833) · Serenade (1833) · Latin Hymn (1833) · To One in Paradise (1833) · Hymn (1835) · Politician (1835) · May Queen Ode (1836) · Spiritual Song (1836) · Bridal Ballad (1837) · To Zante (1837) · The Haunted Palace (1839) · Silence, a Sonnet (1839) · Lines on Joe Locke (1843) · The Conqueror Worm (1843) · Lenore (1843) · Eulalie (1843) · A Campaign Song (1844) · Dream-Land (1844) · Impromptu. To Kate Carol (1845) · To Frances (1845) · The Divine Right of Kings (1845) · Epigram for Wall Street (1845) · The Raven (1845) · A Valentine (1846) · Beloved Physician (1847) · An Enigma (1847) · Deep in Earth (1847) · Ulalume (1847) · Lines on Ale (1848) · To Marie Louise (1848) · Evangeline (1848) · A Dream Within a Dream (1849) · Eldorado (1849) · For Annie (1849) · The Bells (1849) · Annabel Lee (1849)
Tales

Metzengerstein (1832) · The Duc De L'Omelette (1832) · A Tale of Jerusalem (1832) · Loss of Breath (1832) · Bon-Bon (1832) · MS. Found in a Bottle (1833) · The Assignation (1834) · Berenice (1835) · Morella (1835) · Lionizing (1835) · The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall (1835) · King Pest (1835) · Shadow - A Parable (1835) · Four Beasts in One - The Homo-Cameleopard (1836) · Mystification (1837) · Silence - A Fable (1837) · Ligeia (1838) · How to Write a Blackwood Article (1838) · A Predicament (1838) · The Devil in the Belfry (1839) · The Man That Was Used Up (1839) · The Fall of the House of Usher (1839) · William Wilson (1839) · The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion (1839) · Why the Little Frenchman Wears His Hand in a Sling (1840) · The Business Man (1840) · The Man of the Crowd (1840) · The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) · A Descent into the Maelström (1841) · The Island of the Fay (1841) · The Colloquy of Monos and Una (1841) · Never Bet the Devil Your Head (1841) · Eleonora (1841) · Three Sundays in a Week (1841) · The Oval Portrait (1842) · The Masque of the Red Death (1842) · The Landscape Garden (1842) · The Mystery of Marie Rogêt (1842) · The Pit and the Pendulum (1842) · The Tell-Tale Heart (1843) · The Gold-Bug (1843) · The Black Cat (1843) · Diddling (1843) · The Spectacles (1844) · A Tale of the Ragged Mountains (1844) · The Premature Burial (1844) · Mesmeric Revelation (1844) · The Oblong Box (1844) · The Angel of the Odd (1844) · Thou Art the Man (1844) · The Literary Life of Thingum Bob, Esq. (1844) · The Purloined Letter (1844) · The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade (1845) · Some Words with a Mummy (1845) · The Power of Words (1845) · The Imp of the Perverse (1845) · The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether (1845) · The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar (1845) · The Sphinx (1846) · The Cask of Amontillado (1846) · The Domain of Arnheim (1847) · Mellonta Tauta (1849) · Hop-Frog (1849) · Von Kempelen and His Discovery (1849) · X-ing a Paragrab (1849) · Landor's Cottage (1849)
Other works
Essays

Maelzel's Chess Player (1836) · The Daguerreotype (1840) · The Philosophy of Furniture (1840) · A Few Words on Secret Writing (1841) · The Rationale of Verse (1843) · Morning on the Wissahiccon (1844) · Old English Poetry (1845) · The Philosophy of Composition (1846) · The Poetic Principle (1846) · Eureka: A Prose Poem (1848)
Hoax The Balloon-Hoax (1844)
Novels

The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1837) · The Journal of Julius Rodman (1840)
Play Politian (1835)
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The Conchologist's First Book (1839) · The Light-House (1849)
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Authority control: PND: 11859527X | LCCN: n79029745 | VIAF: 60351476
Persondata
NAME Poe, Edgar Allan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION American poet, short story writer and literary critic
DATE OF BIRTH January 19, 1809
PLACE OF BIRTH Boston, Massachusetts
DATE OF DEATH October 7, 1849
PLACE OF DEATH Baltimore, Maryland

Categories: Burials at Westminster Hall and Burying Ground | Cause of death disputed | American horror writers | American mystery writers | American poets | American science fiction writers | American short story writers | Romantic poets | Writers from Maryland | Writers from Massachusetts | Writers from New York | Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Writers from Virginia | People from Baltimore, Maryland | People from Boston, Massachusetts | People from the Bronx | People from Charlottesville, Virginia | People from Greenwich Village, New York | People from Richmond, Virginia | Recreational cryptographers | United States Army soldiers | United States Military Academy alumni | University of Virginia alumni | 1809 births | 1849 deaths | Edgar Allan Poe

 

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'Edgar Allan Poe' News
Fangoria FrightFest Gallery - Horror Yearkbook (blog)
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Fangoria FrightFest Gallery - Horror Yearkbook (blog)
Tue, 22 Jun 2010 15:23:43 GMT+00:00
Horror Yearkbook (blog) The Tomb (aka Ligeia) Director Michael Staininger's updated adaptation of the classic Edgar Allan Poe tale The Tomb of Ligeia. ...
Google News Search: Edgar Allan Poe,
Fri Jul 30 17:24:58 2010
'Edgar Allan Poe' Images
Poe jpg
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Poe jpg
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Yahoo Images Search: Edgar Allan Poe,
Fri Jul 30 17:24:58 2010
'Edgar Allan Poe' Blogs
The Works of Edgar Allan Poe Volume 1 | Easy Online Jobs Review
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The Works of Edgar Allan Poe Volume 1 | Easy Online Jobs Review

valeri

hu, 24 Jun 2010 11:31:29 GM

Edgar Allan Poe. (bio) Death of . Edgar Allan Poe. (bio) The Unparalleled Adventures of one Hans Peall The Gold Bug Four Beasts in one the homo-camel-leop​ard. The Murders in the Rue Morgue THe Mystery of Marie Roget THe Baloon-Hoax ...

Google Blogs Search: Edgar Allan Poe,
Fri Jul 30 17:24:59 2010
'Edgar Allan Poe' Answers
I read that there is an Edgar Allan Poe reference in an AFI song. Anyone know which song?
Q. I read online that AFI references Edgar allan Poe somehow in one of their songs, I was just wondering if anyone knew which song it is in.
Asked by Pandacatfox - Sat Nov 7 00:39:41 2009 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments

A. I think the song you are looking for is called "Assalaam Somer Alaikum Metal Metal Warahamatullah Quincenera Today." It is performed by the renowned team of Susan Boyle and Zev Boim. .
Answered by Annt Hu DeShalit - Sun Nov 8 13:50:40 2009

Yahoo Answers Search: Edgar Allan Poe,
Fri Jul 30 17:24:59 2010
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